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Your bones are made from a supernova
Calcium-rich explosions dot the Universe. One discovery in Seattle led to a worldwide race to learn more.
A supernova first detected in 2005 changed humanity’s perception of the Universe, and one of the minerals needed to support life — calcium.
Researchers eventually determined that the explosion, and ones like it, were responsible for the high abundance of calcium in the Universe, including all calcium on Earth, which includes your bones.
Now, scientists have been able to study one of the mysterious “calcium-rich supernovae” with X-rays for the first time.
Calcium-rich supernovae were first announced to the world a decade ago when a low-mass white dwarf exploded. White dwarfs are stars that have been compacted into around the size of planets, creating immense amounts of pressure. Already in a delicate balance, this white dwarf was siphoning off helium from a sister star. There’s a limit to the mass a white dwarf can attain, around 1.4 times the mass of the Sun.
Too much helium created a violent shockwave, possibly destroying the star and creating an explosion that could be detected 100 million light-years away on Earth. Scientists calculated that half of the mass ejected through the explosion was calcium, and a new subclass of supernova was born.
Ten years later, their mysteries still befuddle scientists like Wynn Jacobson-Galan, a first-year Northwestern graduate student who led the current study (here is the preprint), published in Astrophysical Journal. Speaking in a press statement, Jacobson-Galan noted that these explosions “are so few in number that we have never known what produced calcium-rich supernova."
That’s why Jacobson-Galan’s team chose to explore Supernova (SN) 2019ehk, which scientists have noticed shows similarities in terms of origin with other calcium-rich explosions. The team believes that in its former life, SN 2019ehk was likely a white dwarf or a low-mass massive star.
X-ray imaging has revealed several concrete facts about these explosions, most notably how they create their calcium. A calcium-rich supernova is, in fact, a compact star that sheds an outer layer of gas during its last life stages. The matter within the star collides with the star’s outer shell, which is mostly helium and hydrogen, heated up to around 100,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
When the matter within and the outer shell collide, they begin a rapid chemical reaction that creates calcium, the most abundant mineral in the human body.
"In the world of transients, we have to discover things very, very fast."
Temporary events, like the explosion of SN 2019ehk and its aftermath, are described in the world of astronomy as “transients.” After SN 2019ehk was discovered by an amatuer astronomer in Seattle peering into the Messier 100 spiral galaxy, international science jumped into action. Speaking to the vast nature of space, the Hubble Space Telescope has observed Messier 100 for 25 years, but never captured an image of star that exploded into SN 2019ehk.
Raffaella Margutti, an astrophysicist and senior author of the study, says that time was of the essence.
"In the world of transients, we have to discover things very, very fast before they fade. Initially, no one was looking for X-rays. Daichi [Hiramatsu, a grad student at the University of California Santa Barbara] noticed something and alerted us to the strange appearance of what looked like X-rays. We looked at the images and realized something was there. It was much more luminous than anybody would have ever thought. There were no preexisting theories that predicted calcium-rich transients would be so luminous in X-ray wavelengths."
All calcium originates from the stars. With the help of the W.M Keck Observatory in Hawai’i, home of the world’s largest optical and infrared telescopes, the Northwestern team was able to figure out that SN 2019ehk was the largest single emission of calcium ever recorded.
Margutti says that "it wasn't just calcium-rich. It was the richest of the rich."
www.inverse.com/science/most-calcium-in-recorded-history David Grossman 8.5.2020
phys.org/news/2020-08-calcium-rich-supernova-x-rays.html
Giving antibiotics to children could affect their social behavior image.
Taking antibiotics too early in life could affect the brain and social interactions.
The drugs affect the growing brain's signalling abilities that influence our social behavior and the way we feel pain. It's not thought adult brains are damaged in the same way by antibiotics.
The effects have been seen in experiments on young laboratory mice, and so researchers from Oxford University can't be sure the drugs would cause the same problems in small children.
Other researchers have seen that germ-free animals and those treated with antibiotics have social behavioral problems, and the Oxford team has discovered the processes that are going on.
Antibiotics disrupt the brain's microbiome, and specifically the signalling pathways that control social behavior, said lead researcher Katerina Johnson. The young brain that is still developing is especially vulnerable to the drug.
Bryan Hubbard
Breaking News, Newport Beach, CA: Physicians for Informed Consent Publishes New Educational Document on Risk of Aluminum in Vaccines
Physicians for Informed Consent (PIC), an educational nonprofit organization focused on science and statistics, has just released its Aluminum Vaccine Risk Statement (VRS) entitled “Aluminum in Vaccines: What Parents Need to Know.” The educational document answers important questions about the risks of aluminum-containing vaccines administered to newborns, infants and children.
“The COVID-19 pandemic has shown us that the public is very interested in weighing the risks of infectious diseases versus the risks of vaccines,” said Dr. Shira Miller, PIC founder and president. “Parents and the public must become knowledgeable about aluminum in vaccines because even though it is used as an adjuvant in many vaccines, it is a neurotoxin—and overexposure may lead to significant harm, including problems in motor, sensory, and cognitive function.” Currently, up to 22 doses of aluminum-containing vaccines are recommended to children, with 11 doses recommended from birth to 6 months of age.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), agencies of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), have raised concerns about the negative effects of aluminum exposure in humans. In scientific studies, small amounts of aluminum that remain in the body have been observed to interfere with a variety of cellular and metabolic processes in the nervous system and in tissues of other parts of the body. Some of the most damaging effects of aluminum range from motor skill impairment to encephalopathy (altered mental state, personality changes, difficulty thinking, loss of memory, seizures, coma, and more).
The FDA states that if some vaccines did not include aluminum (i.e., aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate) as an adjuvant, the immune response they trigger may be diminished. Therefore, aluminum is included in many vaccines on the childhood schedule, including the following: hepatitis B (HepB), Haemophilus influenzae type b (PedvaxHIB), pneumococcal (PCV), hepatitis A (HepA), human papillomavirus (HPV), meningococcal B (MenB), and diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP and Tdap).
“Vaccines are administered preventively to healthy people, not people with acute or chronic infections, so it’s crucially important to know the safety data upon which one’s recommendations are based,” said Dr. Miller. “PIC developed the Aluminum VRS to help families and their physicians advance their understanding of the risks of aluminum adjuvants, so they may engage in informed decision-making.”
Parents and caregivers are encouraged to discuss the Aluminum VRS educational documents with their children’s doctor. To read the Aluminum VRS or to download it, please visit .
physiciansforinformedconsent.org/aluminumBreaking News, Newport Beach, CA: Physicians for Informed Consent Publishes New Educational Document on Risk of Aluminum in Vaccines
Physicians for Informed Consent (PIC), an educational nonprofit organization focused on science and statistics, has just released its Aluminum Vaccine Risk Statement (VRS) entitled “Aluminum in Vaccines: What Parents Need to Know.” The educational document answers important questions about the risks of aluminum-containing vaccines administered to newborns, infants and children.
“The COVID-19 pandemic has shown us that the public is very interested in weighing the risks of infectious diseases versus the risks of vaccines,” said Dr. Shira Miller, PIC founder and president. “Parents and the public must become knowledgeable about aluminum in vaccines because even though it is used as an adjuvant in many vaccines, it is a neurotoxin—and overexposure may lead to significant harm, including problems in motor, sensory, and cognitive function.” Currently, up to 22 doses of aluminum-containing vaccines are recommended to children, with 11 doses recommended from birth to 6 months of age.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), agencies of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), have raised concerns about the negative effects of aluminum exposure in humans. In scientific studies, small amounts of aluminum that remain in the body have been observed to interfere with a variety of cellular and metabolic processes in the nervous system and in tissues of other parts of the body. Some of the most damaging effects of aluminum range from motor skill impairment to encephalopathy (altered mental state, personality changes, difficulty thinking, loss of memory, seizures, coma, and more).
The FDA states that if some vaccines did not include aluminum (i.e., aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate) as an adjuvant, the immune response they trigger may be diminished. Therefore, aluminum is included in many vaccines on the childhood schedule, including the following: hepatitis B (HepB), Haemophilus influenzae type b (PedvaxHIB), pneumococcal (PCV), hepatitis A (HepA), human papillomavirus (HPV), meningococcal B (MenB), and diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP and Tdap).
“Vaccines are administered preventively to healthy people, not people with acute or chronic infections, so it’s crucially important to know the safety data upon which one’s recommendations are based,” said Dr. Miller. “PIC developed the Aluminum VRS to help families and their physicians advance their understanding of the risks of aluminum adjuvants, so they may engage in informed decision-making.”
Parents and caregivers are encouraged to discuss the Aluminum VRS educational documents with their children’s doctor. To read the Aluminum VRS or to download it, please visit physiciansforinformedconsent.org/aluminum.
#Aluminum #Adjuvants #Physicians4InformedConsent #1stDoNoHarm #Vaccines #Vaccination #InformedConsent #Science #Statistics #PICphysicians
